1. Ancient Egyptians

There are many interesting facts about makeup throughout time, but did you know that the ancient Egyptians and Cleopatra were believed to be among the very first to use cosmetics as far back as 4,000 B.C.? Egyptians would fill in their brows and line their eyes with Kohl—a rich cream made from sheep fat mixed with powdered lead or antimony and soot. Ancient Egyptians were also famously known to take baths in milk and honey to soften and beautify their skin from head to toe, establishing foundational history of beauty care rituals that inspired future generations. If you want to explore more about beauty traditions and tips, visit our allwomenstalk makeup guide for expert insight.

Some of the primary cosmetics ingredients used by ancient Egyptians included:

2. Romans & Greeks

Around 100 A.D., the Romans stayed beautiful by using wine as a cheek stain and painted their faces and bodies with chalk to achieve a pale, whitish look. They even created early acne treatments by combining barley flour and butter. The Romans also dyed their hair, but they used harsh lye—causing many people to lose their hair and forcing them to wear wigs. Meanwhile, the Greeks stained their cheeks and lips using vermillion and natural juice from berries. They darkened their lashes with black incense. These early practices form a major chapter in historical cosmetics records that historians study today.

3. The Middle Ages

Unlike today when sun-kissed tans are coveted, in the Middle Ages being pale was all the rage! Women wanted so badly to achieve a fair porcelain complexion that they allowed themselves to be painted with lead white or even bled by physicians in order to achieve the colorless look. Tattoos became popular during this time period in addition to vibrant colored eyeshadow, such as shades of blue, green, gray, and brown. As noted in section 1. Ancient Egyptians, eye enhancement has always been central to makeup history facts, but Medieval techniques shifted the focus heavily toward extreme skin pallor.

4. The 15th-16th Centuries

During this time period, royalty and their exclusive courts were the primary consumers of elaborate cosmetics. Fragrances were becoming immensely popular in France, and heavy whitening agents were being used for the face. Whitening products were composed of toxic compounds such as carbonate, hydroxide, and lead oxide—dangerous ingredients that accumulated in the body over time, causing severe health problems that sometimes resulted in muscle paralysis or death.

5. The 1800s

By the 1800s, almost all social classes wore cosmetics, but many popular formulations still contained toxic ingredients. Eyeshadows and lip stains contained poisonous elements like mercuric sulfide and belladonna. Zinc oxide, which is still widely used in modern sunscreens and powders today, was introduced during this century as a facial powder to safely replace deadly arsenic-based versions. Here is a quick snapshot comparing cosmetic safety and trends across different historical eras:

As cosmetics evolved into the Victorian era, formulations gradually prioritized safety, paving the way for the modern beauty industry.

6. The 1900s

During the 1900s, the commercial cosmetics industry began to grow substantially. In 1913, mascara packaged as we know it today was developed by the French chemist and perfumer Eugène Rimmel. The initial product was a bit messy and inconsistent, but it was non-toxic and quickly gained widespread popularity across Europe. Worldwide acceptance of mascara arrived when T.L. Williams developed a similar cake mascara packaging for his iconic new company, Maybelline. In the later 1900s, makeup evolved into an empowering tool for self-expression. Women wore makeup that suited their unique personal style and taste rather than strictly adhering to rigid societal trends.

7. Present Day

The global cosmetics and beauty industries now total over $20 billion in annual sales and continue to grow consistently each year. Significant emphasis is placed on anti-aging formulas, skin barrier protection, and youthful radiance. Today, many different makeup looks are embraced—from minimalist natural routines to dramatic, theatrical artistry.

Although cosmetics have changed drastically throughout the course of history, the core goal to look and feel our best remains the same. Most of us would be completely lost without the brilliant invention known as makeup! Which development throughout the history of cosmetics do you think is most significant?